海洋环境指地球上广大连续的海和洋的总水域，包括海水、溶解和悬浮于海水中的物质、海底沉积物和海洋生物，是生命的摇篮和人类的资源宝库。

The marine environment refers to the vastandcontiguous waters of the earth’s seas and oceans, including seawater, substances dissolved and suspended in seawater, submarine sediments and marine organisms. It is the cradle of life and a treasure trove of resources for human beings.

随着人类开发海洋资源的规模日益扩大，海洋环境已受到人类活动的影响和污染，大家必须保护环境。

With the increasing scale of human exploitation of marine resources, the marine environment has been affected and polluted by human activities. Therefore, everyone must protect the environment.

按自然地理条件划分的一级环境类型。海洋占地球总面积的70.8%，与大陆环境相比，海洋环境有着明显的特点。海水的温度比大陆低，而且变化较小。含盐度是海水的重要性质之一，正常海水的含盐度为3.5%。海洋的不同地带氧的含量不同，有氧化条件也有还原条件。这与大陆上多氧化条件、多淡水环境的特点均有差别。海洋按海水深度及地形可进一步划分为滨海、浅海、半深海和深海四种环境。见附图。波基面以上称滨海区或海岸带，这里水动力条件、水介质条件及海底地貌，均很复杂;浅海是指波基面以下至水深200m的陆相区，这里地形平坦，坡度很小，小于4度;浅海之外的半深海是坡度很陡的大陆坡，4到7度或更大，陆坡的地形崎岖，并有深切的水下峡谷，斜坡的坡脚可达2000m水深;再向外则为深海大洋盆地，它的地形比较平坦。海洋的各种性质及海洋的各个环境，对于各类海洋生物及沉积物的存在和分布都有着重大的影响。

According to the first level of environmental types by natural geographical conditions, the ocean accounts for 70.8% of the total area of the earth. Compared with the continental environment, the marine environment has obvious characteristics. The temperature of sea water is lower and is less variable than that of the continents. Salinity is one of the important properties of seawater, and the salinity of normal seawater is 3.5%. The oxygen content varies in different zones of the ocean, which makes it accessible to oxidation and reduction. This is different from the continental characteristics of more oxidizing conditions and more freshwater. The ocean can be further divided into four types of environments: coastal, shallow, semi-deep ocean and deep ocean according to the depth of seawater and topography. (The details are shown in the attached map.) The zone above the wave base surface refers to coastal where the hydrodynamic conditions, water medium conditions and submarine geomorphology which are very complex. Shallow refers to the land phase area which is 200m below the wave base surface, where the topography is flat and the slope is less than 4 degrees; the semi-deep ocean outside the shallow sea is a very steep continental slope with 4 to 7 degrees or greater. The slope is rugged, and it has deep underwater canyons with the foot of the slope reaching 2000m. Further out is the deep ocean basin, which has a flatter topography. The various properties of the ocean and its various environments have a significant impact on the existence and distribution of various marine organisms and sediments.

简介

Introduction

地球上连成一片的海和洋的总水域，包括海水、溶解和悬浮于水中的物质、海底沉积物，以及生活于海洋中的生物。因此海洋环境是一个非常复杂的系统。人类并不生活在海洋上，但海洋却是人类消费和生产所不可缺少的物质和能量的源泉。随着科学和技术的发展，人类开发海洋资源的规模越来越大，对海洋的依赖程度越来越高，同时海洋对人类的影响也日益增大。在古代,人类只能在沿海捕鱼、制盐和航行，主要是向海洋索取食物。到现代，人类不仅在近海捕鱼，还发展了远洋渔业；不仅捕捞鱼类，而且还发展了各种海产养殖业；不仅在沿岸制盐，还发展了海洋采矿事业，如在海上开采石油。此外，还开发了海水中各种可用的能源,如利用潮汐发电等。海洋已成为人类生产活动非常频繁的区域。20世纪中叶以来，海洋事业发展极为迅速,已有近百个国家在海上进行石油和天然气的钻探和开采；每年通过海洋运输的石油超过20亿吨；每年从海洋捕获的鱼、贝近1亿吨。随着海洋事业的发展，海洋环境亦受到人类活动的影响和污染。海洋环境研究工作的主要任务之一，是探索保护海洋生态系统的途径和方法。

The marine environment refers to the vast and contiguous waters of the earth’s seas and oceans, including seawater, substances dissolved and suspended in seawater, submarine sediments and marine organisms. Therefore, the marine environment is a very complex system. Humans do not live in the oceans, but the oceans are an indispensable source of matter and energy for human consumption and production. With the development of science and technology, both the scale of human exploitation of marine resources and the degree of dependence on the ocean are increasing, and the impact of the ocean on human beings is also increasing. In ancient times, human beings could only fish, make salt and navigate along the coast, which is a one-sided way to get food for human beings from the ocean. In modern times, mankind not only fishes near the sea, but also develops ocean fishing; not only catches fish, but also develops various kinds of mariculture; not only makes salt along the coast, but also develops marine mining business such as extracting oil in the sea. In addition, various available energy sources in seawater have been developed, such as the use of tidal power generation, etc. Since the middle of the 20th century, the marine business has developed very rapidly, with nearly 100 countries drilling and extracting oil and natural gas at sea, more than 2 billion tons of oil being transported by sea every year, and nearly 100 million tons of fish and shellfish being caught from the sea every year. With the development of marine business, the marine environment is also affected and polluted by human activities. One of the main tasks of marine environmental research is to explore ways and means to protect marine ecosystems.

洋和海

Ocean and Sea

根据海洋形态和水文特征等，可把海洋分成主要部分和附属部分。前者叫洋，后者叫海、海湾或海峡。

According to the morphology and hydrological characteristics of the ocean, the ocean can be divided into the main part and the subsidiary part. The former is called ocean and the latter is called sea, bay or strait.

洋

Ocean

洋一般远离大陆，面积广阔,水深在2000米或3000米以上，盐度、水温不受大陆影响，季节变化小，透明度大，有独立的潮汐系统和强大的洋流系统，沉积物多为深海特有的钙质软泥、硅质软泥和红粘土。世界上有太平洋、大西洋、印度洋和北冰洋四大洋。它们的总面积约占海洋总面积的89%。

Oceans are generally far away from the continents. They are vast with depth of 2000 meters or 3000 meters or more; their salinity and temperature are not affected by the continents and seasons; they are characterized by great transparency; they have independent tidal system and strong ocean current system, whose sediments are mostly calcareous soft mud, siliceous soft mud and red clay unique to the deep sea. There are four major oceans in the world and they are the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Arctic Ocean respectively which accounts for about 89% of the global ocean area in total.

海

Sea

海一般邻靠陆地，水深在2000米或3000米以内，盐度、水温受大陆影响，有显著季节变化，透明度小，没有独立的潮汐系统,潮汐一般从大洋传来，涨落显著。沉积物多为砂、泥沙等。由于不断沉积和受到侵蚀，海底形态变化较大。世界上海的面积约占海洋总面积11%。洋或海的一部分伸入陆地，其深度和宽度逐渐减小的水域叫海湾，如渤海湾、波斯湾等。海洋中相邻海区之间，宽度较窄的水道叫海峡,如台湾海峡、直布罗陀海峡等。

The sea is generally adjacent to the land. Its depth is within 2000 meters or 3000 meters, and its salinity and water temperature are influenced by the continent. It can be significantly affected by seasonal changes, and its transparency is low; it has no independent tidal system, and the tide is generally from the ocean with the rise and fall being significant. The sediments are mostly sand and silt. Due to continuous deposition and erosion, the seafloor morphology is highly variable. The area of the world’s seas accounts for about 11% of the total area of the ocean in the whole world. As the part of the ocean or the sea extends into the land, the waters with depth and width gradually decreasing are called the Gulf, such as Bohai Bay, Persian Gulf, etc. Between adjacent sea areas in the ocean, the narrower waterways are called straits, such as the Taiwan Strait, the Strait of Gibraltar, etc.

海域分布

Sea distribution

世界上的海和洋都相互沟通，连成一片，称为世界大洋,总面积约3.61亿平方公里，占地球总面积70.8%。除北纬45°～70°和南纬70°～90°的区间外，海面均大于陆面。海洋对人类和生物界的形成和发展起着巨大的作用。在大气圈中的臭氧层尚未完全形成以前，地球上的生命唯有在海水中才能避免紫外线辐射的伤害。海洋是地球上水循环的起点，海水受热蒸发，水蒸汽升到空中，再被气流带到陆地上来，使陆地上有降水和径流。陆地上有了水，生物才得到发展。海洋对地球上的气候起着调节作用，使气温变化缓和。所以说，海洋环境对陆地环境的形成也起着决定性的作用。

The world’s seas and oceans are all in connection with each other, with a total area of about 361 million square kilometers accounting for 70.8% of the total area of the earth. The sea surface is larger than the land surface, except for the area between 45° and 70° north latitude and 70° and 90° south latitude. The ocean plays a huge role in the formation and development of human and biological communities. Before the ozone layer in the atmosphere was fully formed, the only way for life on earth to avoid the damage of ultraviolet radiation was living in the sea water. The ocean is the starting point of the water cycle on earth that the seawater is heated and evaporated into vapor rising into the air and is then brought to land by air currents, making precipitation and runoff available on land. With water on land, life develops. The ocean acts as a regulator of the climate on earth in that it moderates temperature changes. Therefore, the marine environment also plays a decisive role in the formation of the terrestrial environment.